Pandoranın Kutusu: Koronavirüs

Pandoranın Kutusu: Protein ve Yağlı Kılıfla Sarılı Coronavirus Genomu ve Deşifre Proteinleri

By Jonathan Corum and Carl Zimmer, April 3, 2020, The New York Times‘ın izniyle…

Covid-19’a neden olan ilk SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan’daki deniz ürünleri pazarında çalışan 41 yaşındaki bir adamdan geldi.

Devam eden salgınla savaşmak için ilaç, aşı vs için çalışıyoruz.

Virüsün genomu: Bir RNA Zinciri

Virüsler çoğalmak ve yaymak için canlı hücreleri esir alırlar. Koronavirüs uygun bir hücre bulduğunda, tüm genomunu (bir RNA ipliği) enjekte ederler.

Yeni koronavirüsün genomu 30.000 “harf” kadar. (İnsan genomu 3 milyarın üzerindedir.) Virüs, kendi kopyalarını üretmek, vücudumuzun bağışıklık tepkisini bastırmak, vs gibi bir dizi işlev için 29 kadar protein kodlayan gen taşır.

RNA harflerinin ilk sırası şöyle:

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Bu dizi, a, c, g ve u gibi RNA harflerini okumak ve bunları koronavirüs proteinlerine çevirmek için enfekte olmuş hücrenin içindeki ribozomlara bağlanmak için kullanılır.

Tüm bir koronavirüs genomu ve kodladığı proteinler:

Bir Protein Zinciri: ORF1ab

Enfekte olmuş hücrenin içinde yaratılan ilk viral proteindir. En büyüğü ve karmaşığıdır. Aslında bir araya getirilen 16 protein zincirinden oluşur. Bu proteinlerden ikisi makas gibi davranarak, farklı proteinler arasındaki bağları keser ve onları serbest bırakarak aktive eder.

Diğer koronavirüsler üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar, bize bazı SARS-CoV-2 proteinlerinin ne yaptığını konusunda fikir verse de, bu yeni virüsün diğer proteinleri çok daha gizemli.

Hücreyi Sabote Eden Protein: NSP1

Bu protein, enfekte olmuş hücrenin kendi proteinlerini üretimesini yavaşlatır. Bu sabotaj, hücreyi daha fazla virüs proteini yapmaya zorlar ve virüsü durdurabilecek hücrenin antiviral proteinlerinin bir araya gelmesini önler.

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Gizemli Protein: NSP2

Bilim adamları NSP2’nin ne yaptığından emin değil. Bağladığı diğer proteinler bazı ipuçları verebilir. Bunlardan biri, hücre etrafında endozom adı verilen özel moleküllerle dolu kabarcıkların hareket etmesine yardımcı olmak.

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Etiket Sökmek ve Kesmek: NSP3

NSP3, iki önemli işi olan büyük bir protein: Biri diğer viral proteinleri kesip aktive etmek, diğeri enfekte olmuş hücrenin proteinlerinin çoğunu değiştirmek.

Normalde, sağlıklı bir hücre eski proteinleri yıkım için etiketler. Ancak koronavirüs bu etiketleri kaldırabilir, proteinlerin dengesini değiştirebilir ve muhtemelen hücrenin virüsle savaşma yeteneğini azaltabilir.

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Kabarcık Yapıcı: NSP4

NSP4, diğer proteinlerle birleşerek, enfekte olmuş hücrelerde sıvı dolu kabarcıkların oluşmasına yardımcı olur. Bu baloncukların içinde, virüsün yeni kopyaları için parçalar montajlanır.

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Makas Protein: NSP5

Bu protein, diğer NSP proteinlerini kesip işleyerek işlevsel hale gelmelerini sağlar.

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Köpük Kabarcık Fabrikası: NSP6

Virüs kabarcık fabrikası yapmak için NSP3 ve NSP4 ile çalışır.

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Kopyalama Asistanı Proteinler: NSP7 ve NSP8

Bu iki protein, NSP12’ye yardımcı olur ve beraber yeni RNA genomunun yapılıp bir virüsün içine girmesine böylece yeni virüs kopyalarının yapılmasına yardımcı olur.

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Hücrenin Tam Kalbine (Çekirdeğe) Giden Protein: NSP9

Bu protein, hücrelerde kromozomlarımızın içinde bulunduğu çekirdeğin içine sızar (çekirdek kanal veya porlarından). Bu durum, çekirdeklerin içine ve dışına moleküllerin hareketini etkileyebilir. Ancak, bunu hangi amaçla yaptığı belli değil.

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Genetik Kamuflaj Proteini: NSP10

Virüs RNA’sı hücrlerimize girince, bu RNA’yı bulup parçalayan antiviral proteinlerimiz vardır. Bu protein, NSP16 ile birlikte çalışarak virüsün genlerini kamufle eder ve böylece onu saldırıdan korur.

gcugguaaugcaacagaagugccugccaauucaacuguauuaucuuucugugcuuuugcuguagaugcugcuaaagcuuacaaagauuaucuagcuagugggggacaaccaaucacuaauuguguuaagauguuguguacacacacugguacuggucaggcaauaacaguuacaccggaagccaauauggaucaagaauccuuugguggugcaucguguugucuguacugccguugccacauagaucauccaaauccuaaaggauuuugugacuuaaaagguaaguauguacaaauaccuacaacuugugcuaaugacccuguggguuuuacacuuaaaaacacagucuguaccgucugcgguauguggaaagguuauggcuguaguugugaucaacuccgcgaacccaugcuucag

Kopyalama Makinesi Protein: NSP12

Bu protein, genetik harflerden yeni virüs genomları oluşturur. Bir antiviral olan remdesivir’in diğer koronavirüslerde NSP12’yi inhibe ettiği gösterildi. Bu ilacın Covid-19’u tedavi edip edemeyeceği şimdilerde önemli bir araştırma konusu.

Enfekte hücrenin ribozomu, NSP12’ye ait ucagcugaugcacaaucguuuuuaaac… RNA dizisini okumaya başlar. Daha sonra geri döner ve uçtaki c’yi tekrar okur, şöyle devam eder:

...cggguuugcgguguaagugcagcccgucuuacaccgugcggcacaggcacuaguacugaugucguauacagggcuuuugacaucuacaaugauaaaguagcugguuuugcuaaauuccuaaaaacuaauuguugucgcuuccaagaaaaggacgaagaugacaauuuaauugauucuuacuuuguaguuaagagacacacuuucucuaacuaccaacaugaagaaacaauuuauaauuuacuuaaggauuguccagcuguugcuaaacaugacuucuuuaaguuuagaauagacggugacaugguaccacauauaucacgucaacgucuuacuaaauacacaauggcagaccucgucuaugcuuuaaggcauuuugaugaagguaauugugacacauuaaaagaaauacuugucacauacaauuguugugaugaugauuauuucaauaaaaaggacugguaugauuuuguagaaaacccagauauauuacgcguauacgccaacuuaggugaacguguacgccaagcuuuguuaaaaacaguacaauucugugaugccaugcgaaaugcugguauuguugguguacugacauuagauaaucaagaucucaaugguaacugguaugauuucggugauuucauacaaaccacgccagguaguggaguuccuguuguagauucuuauuauucauuguuaaugccuauauuaaccuugaccagggcuuuaacugcagagucacauguugacacugacuuaacaaagccuuacauuaagugggauuuguuaaaauaugacuucacggaagagagguuaaaacucuuugaccguuauuuuaaauauugggaucagacauaccacccaaauuguguuaacuguuuggaugacagaugcauucugcauugugcaaacuuuaauguuuuauucucuacaguguucccaccuacaaguuuuggaccacuagugagaaaaauauuuguugaugguguuccauuuguaguuucaacuggauaccacuucagagagcuagguguuguacauaaucaggauguaaacuuacauagcucuagacuuaguuuuaaggaauuacuuguguaugcugcugacccugcuaugcacgcugcuucugguaaucuauuacuagauaaacgcacuacgugcuuuucaguagcugcacuuacuaacaauguugcuuuucaaacugucaaacccgguaauuuuaacaaagacuucuaugacuuugcugugucuaaggguuucuuuaaggaaggaaguucuguugaauuaaaacacuucuucuuugcucaggaugguaaugcugcuaucagcgauuaugacuacuaucguuauaaucuaccaacaaugugugauaucagacaacuacuauuuguaguugaaguuguugauaaguacuuugauuguuacgaugguggcuguauuaaugcuaaccaagucaucgucaacaaccuagacaaaucagcugguuuuccauuuaauaaaugggguaaggcuagacuuuauuaugauucaaugaguuaugaggaucaagaugcacuuuucgcauauacaaaacguaaugucaucccuacuauaacucaaaugaaucuuaaguaugccauuagugcaaagaauagagcucgcaccguagcuggugucucuaucuguaguacuaugaccaauagacaguuucaucaaaaauuauugaaaucaauagccgccacuagaggagcuacuguaguaauuggaacaagcaaauucuauggugguuggcacaacauguuaaaaacuguuuauagugauguagaaaacccucaccuuauggguugggauuauccuaaaugugauagagccaugccuaacaugcuuagaauuauggccucacuuguucuugcucgcaaacauacaacguguuguagcuugucacaccguuucuauagauuagcuaaugagugugcucaaguauugagugaaauggucauguguggcgguucacuauauguuaaaccagguggaaccucaucaggagaugccacaacugcuuaugcuaauaguguuuuuaacauuugucaagcugucacggccaauguuaaugcacuuuuaucuacugaugguaacaaaauugccgauaaguauguccgcaauuuacaacacagacuuuaugagugucucuauagaaauagagauguugacacagacuuugugaaugaguuuuacgcauauuugcguaaacauuucucaaugaugauacucucugacgaugcuguuguguguuucaauagcacuuaugcaucucaaggucuaguggcuagcauaaagaacuuuaagucaguucuuuauuaucaaaacaauguuuuuaugucugaagcaaaauguuggacugagacugaccuuacuaaaggaccucaugaauuuugcucucaacauacaaugcuaguuaaacagggugaugauuauguguaccuuccuuacccagauccaucaagaauccuaggggccggcuguuuuguagaugauaucguaaaaacagaugguacacuuaugauugaacgguucgugucuuuagcuauagaugcuuacccacuuacuaaacauccuaaucaggaguaugcugaugucuuucauuuguacuuacaauacauaagaaagcuacaugaugaguuaacaggacacauguuagacauguauucuguuaugcuuacuaaugauaacacuucaagguauugggaaccugaguuuuaugaggcuauguacacaccgcauacagucuuacag

Başka bir dizi olan NSP11, bu RNA dizisi ile üst üste çakışır. Ancak bu gen (NSP11) tarafından kodlanan küçük proteinin herhangi bir işlevi olup olmadığı açık değil.

Düğümü Çüzen Protein: NSP13

Normalde virüs RNA’sı, karmaşık bükülmelere ve dönüşlere sahip bir sarılı moleküldür. NSP13’ün bu düğüm ve bükülmeleri açarak diğer proteinlerin ifade edilmesini sağlıyor.

gcuguuggggcuuguguucuuugcaauucacagacuucauuaagauguggugcuugcauacguagaccauucuuauguuguaaaugcuguuacgaccaugucauaucaacaucacauaaauuagucuugucuguuaauccguauguuugcaaugcuccagguugugaugucacagaugugacucaacuuuacuuaggagguaugagcuauuauuguaaaucacauaaaccacccauuaguuuuccauugugugcuaauggacaaguuuuugguuuauauaaaaauacauguguugguagcgauaauguuacugacuuuaaugcaauugcaacaugugacuggacaaaugcuggugauuacauuuuagcuaacaccuguacugaaagacucaagcuuuuugcagcagaaacgcucaaagcuacugaggagacauuuaaacugucuuaugguauugcuacuguacgugaagugcugucugacagagaauuacaucuuucaugggaaguugguaaaccuagaccaccacuuaaccgaaauuaugucuuuacugguuaucguguaacuaaaaacaguaaaguacaaauaggagaguacaccuuugaaaaaggugacuauggugaugcuguuguuuaccgagguacaacaacuuacaaauuaaauguuggugauuauuuugugcugacaucacauacaguaaugccauuaagugcaccuacacuagugccacaagagcacuauguuagaauuacuggcuuauacccaacacucaauaucucagaugaguuuucuagcaauguugcaaauuaucaaaagguugguaugcaaaaguauucuacacuccagggaccaccugguacugguaagagucauuuugcuauuggccuagcucucuacuacccuucugcucgcauaguguauacagcuugcucucaugccgcuguugaugcacuaugugagaaggcauuaaaauauuugccuauagauaaauguaguagaauuauaccugcacgugcucguguagaguguuuugauaaauucaaagugaauucaacauuagaacaguaugucuuuuguacuguaaaugcauugccugagacgacagcagauauaguugucuuugaugaaauuucaauggccacaaauuaugauuugaguguugucaaugccagauuacgugcuaagcacuauguguacauuggcgacccugcucaauuaccugcaccacgcacauugcuaacuaagggcacacuagaaccagaauauuucaauucaguguguagacuuaugaaaacuauagguccagacauguuccucggaacuugucggcguuguccugcugaaauuguugacacugugagugcuuugguuuaugauaauaagcuuaaagcacauaaagacaaaucagcucaaugcuuuaaaauguuuuauaaggguguuaucacgcaugauguuucaucugcaauuaacaggccacaaauaggcgugguaagagaauuccuuacacguaacccugcuuggagaaaagcugucuuuauuucaccuuauaauucacagaaugcuguagccucaaagauuuugggacuaccaacucaaacuguugauucaucacagggcucagaauaugacuaugucauauucacucaaaccacugaaacagcucacucuuguaauguaaacagauuuaauguugcuauuaccagagcaaaaguaggcauacuuugcauaaugucugauagagaccuuuaugacaaguugcaauuuacaagucuugaaauuccacguaggaauguggcaacuuuacaa

Viral Hata Düzeltici Protein: NSP14

NSP12, koronavirüs genomunu kopyalarken, bazen yeni kopyaya yanlış bir harf ekler. NSP14 bu hataları keser, böylece bunun yerine doğru harf eklenebilir.

gcugaaaauguaacaggacucuuuaaagauuguaguaagguaaucacuggguuacauccuacacaggcaccuacacaccucaguguugacacuaaauucaaaacugaagguuuauguguugacauaccuggcauaccuaaggacaugaccuauagaagacucaucucuaugauggguuuuaaaaugaauuaucaaguuaaugguuacccuaacauguuuaucacccgcgaagaagcuauaagacauguacgugcauggauuggcuucgaugucgaggggugucaugcuacuagagaagcuguugguaccaauuuaccuuuacagcuagguuuuucuacagguguuaaccuaguugcuguaccuacagguuauguugauacaccuaauaauacagauuuuuccagaguuagugcuaaaccaccgccuggagaucaauuuaaacaccucauaccacuuauguacaaaggacuuccuuggaauguagugcguauaaagauuguacaaauguuaagugacacacuuaaaaaucucucugacagagucguauuugucuuaugggcacauggcuuugaguugacaucuaugaaguauuuugugaaaauaggaccugagcgcaccuguugucuaugugauagacgugccacaugcuuuuccacugcuucagacacuuaugccuguuggcaucauucuauuggauuugauuacgucuauaauccguuuaugauugauguucaacaaugggguuuuacagguaaccuacaaagcaaccaugaucuguauugucaaguccaugguaaugcacauguagcuaguugugaugcaaucaugacuaggugucuagcuguccacgagugcuuuguuaagcguguugacuggacuauugaauauccuauaauuggugaugaacugaagauuaaugcggcuuguagaaagguucaacacaugguuguuaaagcugcauuauuagcagacaaauucccaguucuucacgacauugguaacccuaaagcuauuaaguguguaccucaagcugauguagaauggaaguucuaugaugcacagccuuguagugacaaagcuuauaaaauagaagaauuauucuauucuuaugccacacauucugacaaauucacagaugguguaugccuauuuuggaauugcaaugucgauagauauccugcuaauuccauuguuuguagauuugacacuagagugcuaucuaaccuuaacuugccugguugugaugguggcaguuuguauguaaauaaacaugcauuccacacaccagcuuuugauaaaagugcuuuuguuaauuuaaaacaauuaccauuuuucuauuacucugacaguccaugugagucucauggaaaacaaguagugucagauauagauuauguaccacuaaagucugcuacguguauaacacguugcaauuuagguggugcugucuguagacaucaugcuaaugaguacagauuguaucucgaugcuuauaacaugaugaucucagcuggcuuuagcuuguggguuuacaaacaauuugauacuuauaaccucuggaacacuuuuacaagacuucag

Temizlikçi Protein: NSP15

Bu proteinin, enfekte hücrenin antiviral savunmasından kaçmak için, virüsün işe yaramaz parçalını ortadan kaldırdığı sanılıyor.

agaguuuagaaaauguggcuuuuaauguuguaaauaagggacacuuugauggacaacagggugaaguaccaguuucuaucauuaauaacacuguuuacacaaaaguugaugguguugauguagaauuguuugaaaauaaaacaacauuaccuguuaauguagcauuugagcuuugggcuaagcgcaacauuaaaccaguaccagaggugaaaauacucaauaauuuggguguggacauugcugcuaauacugugaucugggacuacaaaagagaugcuccagcacauauaucuacuauugguguuuguucuaugacugacauagccaagaaaccaacugaaacgauuugugcaccacucacugucuuuuuugaugguagaguugauggucaaguagacuuauuuagaaaugcccguaaugguguucuuauuacagaagguaguguuaaagguuuacaaccaucuguaggucccaaacaagcuagucuuaauggagucacauuaauuggagaagccguaaaaacacaguucaauuauuauaagaaaguugaugguguuguccaacaauuaccugaaacuuacuuuacucagaguagaaauuuacaagaauuuaaacccaggagucaaauggaaauugauuucuuagaauuagcuauggaugaauucauugaacgguauaaauuagaaggcuaugccuucgaacauaucguuuauggagauuuuagucauagucaguuaggugguuuacaucuacugauuggacuagcuaaacguuuuaaggaaucaccuuuugaauuagaagauuuuauuccuauggacaguacaguuaaaaacuauuucauaacagaugcgcaaacagguucaucuaaguguguguguucuguuauugauuuauuacuugaugauuuuguugaaauaauaaaaucccaagauuuaucuguaguuucuaagguugucaaagugacuauugacuauacagaaauuucauuuaugcuuugguguaaagauggccauguagaaacauuuuacccaaaauuacaa

Bir Başka Kamuflaj Proteini NSP16

NSP16, NSP10 ile birlikte çalışarak, virüs genlerini parçalayan proteinlerimizden saklanmasına yardımcı oluyor.

ucuagucaagcguggcaaccggguguugcuaugccuaaucuuuacaaaaugcaaagaaugcuauuagaaaagugugaccuucaaaauuauggugauagugcaacauuaccuaaaggcauaaugaugaaugucgcaaaauauacucaacugugucaauauuuaaacacauuaacauuagcuguacccuauaauaugagaguuauacauuuuggugcugguucugauaaaggaguugcaccagguacagcuguuuuaagacagugguugccuacggguacgcugcuugucgauucagaucuuaaugacuuugucucugaugcagauucaacuuugauuggugauugugcaacuguacauacagcuaauaaaugggaucucauuauuagugauauguacgacccuaagacuaaaaauguuacaaaagaaaaugacucuaaagaggguuuuuucacuuacauuuguggguuuauacaacaaaagcuagcucuuggagguuccguggcuauaaagauaacagaacauucuuggaaugcugaucuuuauaagcucaugggacacuucgcaugguggacagccuuuguuacuaaugugaaugcgucaucaucugaagcauuuuuaauuggauguaauuaucuuggcaaaccacgcgaacaaauagaugguuaugucaugcaugcaaauuacauauuuuggaggaauacaaauccaauucaguugucuuccuauucuuuauuugacaugaguaaauuuccccuuaaauuaagggguacugcuguuaugucuuuaaaagaaggucaaaucaaugauaugauuuuaucucuucuuaguaaagguagacuuauaauuagagaaaacaacagaguuguuauuucuagugauguucuuguuaacaacuaaacgaaca

Spike Proteini: S

Başak (diken) proteini, koronavirüsün RNA’sını koruyan dış katmanını oluşturan dört yapısal proteinden (S, E, M ve N) biridir. Yapısal proteinler ayrıca virüsün yeni kopyalarının inşasına ve salınmasına yardımcı olur.

S proteinleri, kendilerini üçlü gruplar halinde düzenleyerek virüsün yüzeyinde belirgin sivri uçlar oluştururlar. Koronavirüslerin adı bu taç benzeri yapılardan geliyor.

Spike’ın bir kısmı, insan solunum yolundaki belirli hücrelerin yüzeyinde olan ACE2 reseptörüne (aşağıda sarı renkte) bağlanır. Virüs daha sonra hücreyi istila eder.

Yeni koronavirüs olan SARS-CoV-2’deki S proteini geni, 12 yeni genetik harfe sahiptir: ccucggcgggca. Bu mutasyon, sivri uçların insan hücrelerine sıkıca bağlanmasına yardımcı olabilir. Bu durum, yarasalara ve diğer türlere bulaşan bir virüsün evriminde önemli bir adımı oluşturmuştur.

Bazı bilimsel ekipler, sivri uçların insan hücrelerine yapışmasını önleyebilecek aşılar tasarlamaktadır.

auguuuguuuuucuuguuuuauugccacuagucucuagucaguguguuaaucuuacaaccagaacucaauuacccccugcauacacuaauucuuucacacgugguguuuauuacccugacaaaguuuucagauccucaguuuuacauucaacucaggacuuguucuuaccuuucuuuuccaauguuacuugguuccaugcuauacaugucucugggaccaaugguacuaagagguuugauaacccuguccuaccauuuaaugaugguguuuauuuugcuuccacugagaagucuaacauaauaagaggcuggauuuuugguacuacuuuagauucgaagacccagucccuacuuauuguuaauaacgcuacuaauguuguuauuaaagucugugaauuucaauuuuguaaugauccauuuuuggguguuuauuaccacaaaaacaacaaaaguuggauggaaagugaguucagaguuuauucuagugcgaauaauugcacuuuugaauaugucucucagccuuuucuuauggaccuugaaggaaaacaggguaauuucaaaaaucuuagggaauuuguguuuaagaauauugaugguuauuuuaaaauauauucuaagcacacgccuauuaauuuagugcgugaucucccucaggguuuuucggcuuuagaaccauugguagauuugccaauagguauuaacaucacuagguuucaaacuuuacuugcuuuacauagaaguuauuugacuccuggugauucuucuucagguuggacagcuggugcugcagcuuauuauguggguuaucuucaaccuaggacuuuucuauuaaaauauaaugaaaauggaaccauuacagaugcuguagacugugcacuugacccucucucagaaacaaaguguacguugaaauccuucacuguagaaaaaggaaucuaucaaacuucuaacuuuagaguccaaccaacagaaucuauuguuagauuuccuaauauuacaaacuugugcccuuuuggugaaguuuuuaacgccaccagauuugcaucuguuuaugcuuggaacaggaagagaaucagcaacuguguugcugauuauucuguccuauauaauuccgcaucauuuuccacuuuuaaguguuauggagugucuccuacuaaauuaaaugaucucugcuuuacuaaugucuaugcagauucauuuguaauuagaggugaugaagucagacaaaucgcuccagggcaaacuggaaagauugcugauuauaauuauaaauuaccagaugauuuuacaggcugcguuauagcuuggaauucuaacaaucuugauucuaagguuggugguaauuauaauuaccuguauagauuguuuaggaagucuaaucucaaaccuuuugagagagauauuucaacugaaaucuaucaggccgguagcacaccuuguaaugguguugaagguuuuaauuguuacuuuccuuuacaaucauaugguuuccaacccacuaaugguguugguuaccaaccauacagaguaguaguacuuucuuuugaacuucuacaugcaccagcaacuguuuguggaccuaaaaagucuacuaauuugguuaaaaacaaaugugucaauuucaacuucaaugguuuaacaggcacagguguucuuacugagucuaacaaaaaguuucugccuuuccaacaauuuggcagagacauugcugacacuacugaugcuguccgugauccacagacacuugagauucuugacauuacaccauguucuuuugguggugucaguguuauaacaccaggaacaaauacuucuaaccagguugcuguucuuuaucaggauguuaacugcacagaagucccuguugcuauucaugcagaucaacuuacuccuacuuggcguguuuauucuacagguucuaauguuuuucaaacacgugcaggcuguuuaauaggggcugaacaugucaacaacucauaugagugugacauacccauuggugcagguauaugcgcuaguuaucagacucagacuaauucuccucggcgggcacguaguguagcuagucaauccaucauugccuacacuaugucacuuggugcagaaaauucaguugcuuacucuaauaacucuauugccauacccacaaauuuuacuauuaguguuaccacagaaauucuaccagugucuaugaccaagacaucaguagauuguacaauguacauuuguggugauucaacugaaugcagcaaucuuuuguugcaauauggcaguuuuuguacacaauuaaaccgugcuuuaacuggaauagcuguugaacaagacaaaaacacccaagaaguuuuugcacaagucaaacaaauuuacaaaacaccaccaauuaaagauuuuggugguuuuaauuuuucacaaauauuaccagauccaucaaaaccaagcaagaggucauuuauugaagaucuacuuuucaacaaagugacacuugcagaugcuggcuucaucaaacaauauggugauugccuuggugauauugcugcuagagaccucauuugugcacaaaaguuuaacggccuuacuguuuugccaccuuugcucacagaugaaaugauugcucaauacacuucugcacuguuagcggguacaaucacuucugguuggaccuuuggugcaggugcugcauuacaaauaccauuugcuaugcaaauggcuuauagguuuaaugguauuggaguuacacagaauguucucuaugagaaccaaaaauugauugccaaccaauuuaauagugcuauuggcaaaauucaagacucacuuucuuccacagcaagugcacuuggaaaacuucaagauguggucaaccaaaaugcacaagcuuuaaacacgcuuguuaaacaacuuagcuccaauuuuggugcaauuucaaguguuuuaaaugauauccuuucacgucuugacaaaguugaggcugaagugcaaauugauagguugaucacaggcagacuucaaaguuugcagacauaugugacucaacaauuaauuagagcugcagaaaucagagcuucugcuaaucuugcugcuacuaaaaugucagaguguguacuuggacaaucaaaaagaguugauuuuuguggaaagggcuaucaucuuauguccuucccucagucagcaccucaugguguagucuucuugcaugugacuuaugucccugcacaagaaaagaacuucacaacugcuccugccauuugucaugauggaaaagcacacuuuccucgugaaggugucuuuguuucaaauggcacacacugguuuguaacacaaaggaauuuuuaugaaccacaaaucauuacuacagacaacacauuugugucugguaacugugauguuguaauaggaauugucaacaacacaguuuaugauccuuugcaaccugaauuagacucauucaaggaggaguuagauaaauauuuuaagaaucauacaucaccagauguugauuuaggugacaucucuggcauuaaugcuucaguuguaaacauucaaaaagaaauugaccgccucaaugagguugccaagaauuuaaaugaaucucucaucgaucuccaagaacuuggaaaguaugagcaguauauaaaauggccaugguacauuuggcuagguuuuauagcuggcuugauugccauaguaauggugacaauuaugcuuugcuguaugaccaguugcuguaguugucucaagggcuguuguucuuguggauccugcugcaaauuugaugaagacgacucugagccagugcucaaaggagucaaauuacauuacacauaaacgaacuu

Şovmen Protein: ORF3a

SARS-CoV-2 genomu ayrıca bir grup “yardımcı protein” kodlar. Bunlar, virüsün çoğalmasını kolaylaştırmak için enfekte olmuş hücrenin içindeki ortamı değiştirir.

ORF3a proteini, enfekte olmuş bir hücrenin zarında bir delik açarak yeni virüslerin kaçmasını kolaylaştırır ve ayrıca Covid-19’un en tehlikeli semptomlarından biri olan iltihabı tetikler.

auggauuuguuuaugagaaucuucacaauuggaacuguaacuuugaagcaaggugaaaucaaggaugcuacuccuucagauuuuguucgcgcuacugcaacgauaccgauacaagccucacucccuuucggauggcuuauuguuggcguugcacuucuugcuguuuuucagagcgcuuccaaaaucauaacccucaaaaagagauggcaacuagcacucuccaaggguguucacuuuguuugcaacuugcuguuguuguuuguaacaguuuacucacaccuuuugcucguugcugcuggccuugaagccccuuuucucuaucuuuaugcuuuagucuacuucuugcagaguauaaacuuuguaagaauaauaaugaggcuuuggcuuugcuggaaaugccguuccaaaaacccauuacuuuaugaugccaacuauuuucuuugcuggcauacuaauuguuacgacuauuguauaccuuacaauaguguaacuucuucaauugucauuacuucaggugauggcacaacaaguccuauuucugaacaugacuaccagauuggugguuauacugaaaaaugggaaucuggaguaaaagacuguguuguauuacacaguuacuucacuucagacuauuaccagcuguacucaacucaauugaguacagacacugguguugaacauguuaccuucuucaucuacaauaaaauuguugaugagccugaagaacauguccaaauucacacaaucgacgguucauccggaguuguuaauccaguaauggaaccaauuuaugaugaaccgacgacgacuacuagcgugccuuuguaagcacaagcugaugaguacgaacuu

ORF3b aynı RNA ile çakışır, ancak bilim adamları SARS-CoV-2’nin protein üretmek için bu geni kullanıp kullanmadığından emin değil.

Zarf Proteini: E

Zarf proteini, virüsün yağlı kabarcıklarını oluşturmaya yardımcı olan yapısal bir proteindir. Virüs hücrenin içine girdikten sonra yapılacak işler de olabilir. Araştırmacılar, kendi genlerimizi açıp kapatmaya yardımcı olan proteinlere de bu proteinin yapıştığını ve böylece onların işlevini değiştirdiğini zannetmektedir.

auguacucauucguuucggaagagacagguacguuaauaguuaauagcguacuucuuuuucuugcuuucgugguauucuugcuaguuacacuagccauccuuacugcgcuucgauugugugcguacugcugcaauauuguuaacgugagucuuguaaaaccuucuuuuuacguuuacucucguguuaaaaaucugaauucuucuagaguuccugaucuucuggucuaaacgaacuaaauauuauauuaguuuuucuguuuggaacuuuaauuuuagcc

Membran (zar) Proteini: M

Virüsün dış kaplamasının bir parçası olan başka bir yapısal protein.

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Sinyal Kesici Protein: ORF6

Bu aksesuar protein, enfekte olmuş hücrenin bağışıklık sistemine göndereceği sinyali bloke eder. Ayrıca, hücrenin virüsle savaşan proteinlerini de engeller. Aynı savaşçı proteinler çocuk felci ve grip gibi diğer virüsler tarafından engellenir.

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Virüsün Efendisi: ORF7a

Yeni virüsler bir hücreden kaçmaya çalıştığında, hücre onları teterin (zincire vuran) adı verilen proteinlerle yakalayabilir. Bazı araştırmalar, ORF7a’nın enfekte bir hücrenin tetherin tedarikini azalttığını ve daha fazla virüsün kaçmasına izin verdiğini gösteriyor. Araştırmacılar ayrıca bu proteinin enfekte olmuş hücreleri intihar etmek için tetikleyebileceğini buldular. Bu da Covid-19’un akciğerlere verdiği hasara katkıda bulunuyor.

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Bu dizi ile, ORF7b’nin dizisi üst üste çakışıyor. Ancak ORF7b geninin işlevi belli değil.

Gizemli Protein: ORF8

Bu yardımcı proteini kodlayan gen SARS-CoV-2’yi diğer koronavirüslerden önemli ölçüde ayırır. Ancak, bunun da fonksiyonu tam belli değil.

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Nükleokapsid Proteini: N

N proteini virüs RNA’sını korur ve virüs içinde onun virüsün içinde kararlı olmasını sağlar. Birçok N proteini birbirine bağlanarak RNA’yı uzun bir spiral şeklinde sarıp sarmalar:

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Aksesuar proteinler ORF9b ve ORF9c, bu RNA zinciri ile üst üste çakışır. ORF9b, virüslere karşı savunmada önemli bir molekül olan interferonu bloke eder, ancak ORF9c’nin kullanılıp kullanılmadığı net değildir.

Gizemli Protein: ORF10

SARS-CoV-2 virüsünün yakın akrabalarının çoğu bu küçük aksesuar proteinini kodalayan gene sahip değildir. Bu nedenle henüz bu genin ne yaptığını, hatta onun bir protein kodlayıp kodlamadığını bile bilmiyoruz.

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Zincirin Sonu

Koronavirüs genomu, hücrenin protein yapma makinesini durduran tekrarlayıcı bir aaaaaaaaaaaaa dizisi ile sonlanır.

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